;;; Upper CYC(R) Ontology flat-file ;;; Copyright Cycorp 1997. All rights reserved. ;;;Cycorp License Agreement ;;;Cycorp is providing this material from the Cyc(tm) Upper ;;;Ontology at no charge, for everyone to use, including ;;;commercial service use and incorporation into products. ;;;However, it is not 'Public Domain.' Please acknowledge ;;;Cycorp, 3721 Executive Center Dr., Austin, TX 78731 in ;;;any use or citation of this material, and request that each ;;;further user include a full copy of this notice as well, ;;;in any use or citation they make of the material. All ;;;these terms equally apply to renamings and other ;;;logically equivalent reformulations of the material in ;;;any natural or formal language. Cycorp intends to ;;;amend and expand the material from time to time; the ;;;latest version is available at http://www.cyc.com ;;; #$SpermCell (#$isa #$SpermCell #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SpermCell #$EukaryoticCell) (#$genls #$SpermCell #$AnimalBLO) (#$comment #$SpermCell "A subset of #$Cell. #$SpermCell is the collection of specialized gamete cells which are produced by meiosis in the reproductive tract of male animals. Each sperm cell usually has half the number of chromosomes that regular body cells do, and when it fertilizes an ovum, the ovum becomes a zygote and continues to develop into a mature individual. See also #$MaleAnimal, #$SexualReproductionEvent.") ;;; #$SphereFn (#$isa #$SphereFn #$ShapeFunction) (#$resultIsa #$SphereFn #$ThreeDimensionalShape) (#$resultIsa #$SphereFn #$AbstractShape) (#$arg1Isa #$SphereFn #$Distance) (#$comment #$SphereFn "The Cyc function #$SphereFn is a #$ShapeFunction (q.v.). (#$SphereFn D) returns an abstract #$SphereShape which has diameter D. Examples: the #$shape of a 2-inch rubber ball is #$SphereShape; the ball #$fitsIn the shape denoted by (#$SphereFn (#$Inch 2)). The #$shape of #$PlanetEarth is also #$SphereShape; Earth #$fitsIn the shape denoted by (#$SphereFn (#$Mile 8000)).") ;;; #$SpokenCommunicating (#$isa #$SpokenCommunicating #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$SpokenCommunicating #$ScriptType) (#$genls #$SpokenCommunicating #$AudioCommunicating) (#$genls #$SpokenCommunicating #$HumanActivity) (#$comment #$SpokenCommunicating "A collection of information transfer events; a subset of #$AudioCommunicating. Each element of #$SpokenCommunicating is a transmission of sound-borne verbal information by spoken words between two (or more) agents. The communication may be one-way or two-way (or multi-way); see #$Communicating. Examples of #$SpokenCommunicating: a telephone conversation, a classroom discussion, the #$GettysburgAddress-Speech. Note that the collection #$Speaking contains events in which a person generates spoken language but doesn't necessarily communicate it; e.g., a person practicing a speech alone. If someone who is speaking is also communicating, then her speaking is a #$subEvents of some element of #$SpokenCommunicating. Every element of #$SpokenCommunicating has at least one #$communicationToken which is an element of #$Utterance.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$SpokenCommunicating #$SENSUS-Information1997 "SPEECH-ACT") ;;; #$SportsEvent (#$isa #$SportsEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$SportsEvent #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$SportsEvent #$AthleticActivity) (#$comment #$SportsEvent "The collection of individual sports events, such as a single game of baseball, an individual 100M race, etc. An entire sandlot baseball game would be a #$SportsEvent, but one inning wouldn't be. A double-header could be viewed as a single #$SportsEvent, though, even though each half of it was also a #$SportsEvent. Several #$SportsEvents can be organized into a #$SportsFormalCompetition. One single double-header evening of baseball would not be a #$SportsFormalCompetition, nor one single tennis match, etc. note: The collection #$SportsEvent does not include every #$AthleticActivity; e.g., Rocky training for his boxing match, a group of kids racing to the bus stop, a person skiing for pleasure, etc. are not instances of #$SportsEvent.") ;;; #$Spreadsheet (#$isa #$Spreadsheet #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Spreadsheet #$StructuredInformationSource) (#$genls #$Spreadsheet #$InformationBearingObject) (#$comment #$Spreadsheet "A collection of information bearing objects (IBOs); a subset of #$StructuredInformationSource. Each element of #$Spreadsheet is an IBO that presents (usually numeric) data in a two-dimensional matrix of cells that are organized into rows and columns. A spreadsheet may be produced by hand with pencil and paper or generated by a computer #$SpreadsheetProgram such as #$Lotus123. Associated with every spreadsheet are mathematical definitions of some of its cells as a function of other cells in that spreadsheet.") ;;; #$SpringSeason (#$isa #$SpringSeason #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$SpringSeason #$SeasonOfYear) (#$comment #$SpringSeason "The collection of Spring seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, Spring is the time ice melts, the average temperature starts to increase, the days get longer, plants begin to put forth buds, etc. #$SpringSeason represents the climatic aspects of spring; see #$CalendarSpring for the purely temporal aspects of spring.") ;;; #$SqrtFn (#$isa #$SqrtFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$resultIsa #$SqrtFn #$RealNumber) (#$arg1Isa #$SqrtFn #$RealNumber) (#$comment #$SqrtFn "#$SqrtFn is the unary mathematical function that returns the square root of its argument; e.g., (#$SqrtFn 4) returns 2.") ;;; #$SquareMile (#$isa #$SquareMile #$UnitOfArea) (#$isa #$SquareMile #$FPSUnitOfMeasure) (#$isa #$SquareMile #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$SquareMile #$Area) (#$resultIsa #$SquareMile #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$SquareMile #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$SquareMile "The measurement function used in Cyc to represent the square mile used as a unit of measure for area, within the British (FPS) system. See also #$FPSUnitOfMeasure, #$UnitOfMeasure.") ;;; #$SquaredFn (#$isa #$SquaredFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$resultIsa #$SquaredFn #$RealNumber) (#$arg1Isa #$SquaredFn #$RealNumber) (#$comment #$SquaredFn "#$SquaredFn is the unary mathematical function that returns the square of the real number taken as its argument; e.g., (#$SquaredFn 9) returns 81.") ;;; #$StandardUnitOfMeasure (#$isa #$StandardUnitOfMeasure #$RelationType) (#$genls #$StandardUnitOfMeasure #$UnitOfMeasure) (#$comment #$StandardUnitOfMeasure "#$StandardUnitOfMeasure is a subset of #$UnitOfMeasure, the collection of units used to measure quantifiable properties. #$StandardUnitOfMeasure contains those units which are considered the #$standardUnit for the property they measure. Some examples: the standard #$UnitOfVolume is the #$Liter; the standard #$UnitOfTemperature is the #$DegreeKelvin; the standard #$UnitOfMass is the Kilogram. Every unit type has one unit designated as the standard unit for that type.") ;;; #$StartFn (#$isa #$StartFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$isa #$StartFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$StartFn #$TimePoint) (#$arg1Isa #$StartFn #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$StartFn "#$StartFn is a function that takes a #$TemporalThing and returns the #$TimePoint it began. Thus: (#$startingPoint ?X (#$StartFn ?X))") ;;; #$Starvation (#$isa #$Starvation #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Starvation #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$Starvation #$SingleDoerAction) (#$genls #$Starvation #$DestructionEvent) (#$comment #$Starvation "A collection of events. Each instance of #$Starvation is an event in which an #$Animal is so hungry as to be #$Starving. If prolonged, it results in death. NB: Note that this is a #$SingleDoerAction (q.v.), so it doesn't cover cases wherein one creature withholds food from another.") ;;; #$Starving (#$isa #$Starving #$LevelOfHunger) (#$isa #$Starving #$OrderOfMagnitudeInterval) (#$comment #$Starving "A #$LevelOfHunger (q.v.) one step beyond #$Hungry. Note: this constant expresses a static #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute, not a dynamic process. For the #$Event that involves #$Starving, see #$Starvation.") ;;; #$State-Geopolitical (#$isa #$State-Geopolitical #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$State-Geopolitical #$CountrySubsidiary) (#$genls #$State-Geopolitical #$GeopoliticalEntity) (#$comment #$State-Geopolitical "A collection of geopolitical entities which are sub-divisions of countries. An element of #$State-Geopolitical is a ``state-equivalent,'' i.e., a region whose political government is at the very next administrative level down from the national level. In different countries, such a main geopolitical subdivision may be called variously a `region', a `state', a `province', a `prefecture', a `department', a `parish', or something else. In the U.S.A., it is called a `state'. See also #$Province.") ;;; #$State-UnitedStates (#$isa #$State-UnitedStates #$SpatiallyDisjointRegionType) (#$genls #$State-UnitedStates #$State-Geopolitical) (#$comment #$State-UnitedStates "A collection of geopolitical sub-regions. Each of the (currently 50) elements of #$State-UnitedStates is a State in the #$UnitedStatesOfAmerica; i.e., #$Alabama-State, #$Alaska-State, #$Arizona-State, #$Arkansas-State, etc.") ;;; #$StateCapital (#$isa #$StateCapital #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$StateCapital #$CapitalCityOfRegion) (#$genls #$StateCapital #$City) (#$comment #$StateCapital "A collection of cities. Each element of #$StateCapital is a city that is the capital city of the geopolitical state in which it is located. Note that this collection is for capitals of all the elements in #$State-Geopolitical (q.v.), not just members of the subset #$State-UnitedStates. Examples: #$CityOfJuneauAK, #$CityOfLansingMI, #$CityOfAnnapolisMD, Quebec City, Edmonton, Perth (Austr.), Xian, Guangzhou, Lahore.") ;;; #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous (#$isa #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous "#$StateOfMatter-SolidLiquidGaseous is the collection of attributes which describe the basic physical states that pieces of matter can be in. Elements of this collection are #$SolidStateOfMatter, #$SemiSolidStateOfMatter, #$LiquidStateOfMatter, and #$GaseousStateOfMatter. Although the chemical composition of a substance does not change when its basic physical state changes, many of its intrinsic physical properties do change--including its density, viscosity, brittleness, color, size, etc. In addition, changing the basic state of pieces of certain compounds may alter their chemical composition (e.g., using distillation to separate alcohol from other fluids) and as a result may effect toxicity and other biological factors.") ;;; #$StaticSituation (#$isa #$StaticSituation #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$StaticSituation #$SomethingExisting) (#$genls #$StaticSituation #$Situation) (#$comment #$StaticSituation "#$StaticSituations are states of affairs between two or more things, persisting statically over some time interval. #$StaticSituations always have a temporal extent; they usually have a tangible and spatial extent. As an example, consider the situation of Bill Clinton sitting in his easy chair on the evening of 7/4/96. There are participant objects such as Bill and the chair, there are relationships such as the seat of the chair supporting his bottom and his weight being off his feet, etc. It happens at a particular time and place, but there is no active, dynamic #$Event that is going on. ") ;;; #$Stealing-Generic (#$isa #$Stealing-Generic #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Stealing-Generic #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Stealing-Generic #$UnintendedLossOfUserRights) (#$genls #$Stealing-Generic #$TransferringPossession) (#$genls #$Stealing-Generic #$TakingSomething) (#$comment #$Stealing-Generic "A collection of events; a subset of #$TakingSomething. In an instance of #$Stealing-Generic, one #$Agent takes a possession of another agent's without the owner's permission (and possibly without the owner's knowledge). Stealing is commonly considered criminal in most contexts. Note: It is not the case that every use of another's things without explicit permission is categorized as an instance of #$Stealing-Generic. An informal agreement or `understanding' may exist between #$Agents that would cover casual `borrowing' (and excuse it from being stealing); the closer the relationship the more expensive and personal the items that fall into such an exclusion. E.g., even if I am in a perfect stranger's office, and they have left for a minute, I feel it is not stealing to take one of their Kleenexes if I am about to sneeze.") ;;; #$Steamed (#$isa #$Steamed #$PreparationAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$Steamed #$Cooked) (#$comment #$Steamed "The attribute #$Steamed is a specialized form of #$Cooked. Food that is #$Steamed has been prepared in an event of #$SteamingFood.") ;;; #$SteamingFood (#$isa #$SteamingFood #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$SteamingFood #$CookingFood) (#$comment #$SteamingFood "cooking food by surrounding it in steam.") ;;; #$SteppeClimateCycle (#$isa #$SteppeClimateCycle #$ClimateCycleType) (#$genls #$SteppeClimateCycle #$TemperateClimateCycle) (#$comment #$SteppeClimateCycle "A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$SteppeClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) on the steppes (i.e., temperate zone semiarid plains). Characteristics of a steppe climate include: little precipitation, but wetter than a desert; wide temperature extremes, from very hot in the day to cold at night.") ;;; #$Stock (#$isa #$Stock #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Stock #$SalesAgreement) (#$genls #$Stock #$AuthorizedAgreement) (#$comment #$Stock "A collection consisting of all shares of stock. An element of #$Stock is a share of ownership in some instance of #$LegalCorporation; its owner is an #$Agent who is recorded as a shareholder in the official records of that corporation. A company may have several classes of #$Stock, such as Common, Preferred, Class A, Class B, etc.") ;;; #$StockCertificate (#$isa #$StockCertificate #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$StockCertificate #$OfficialDocument) (#$genls #$StockCertificate #$IDDocument) (#$comment #$StockCertificate "A collection of official documents. Each element of #$StockCertificate is a document issued by a company to one of its shareholders, certifying the shareholder's ownership of some number of shares of stock in that corporation.") ;;; #$StockHoldings (#$isa #$StockHoldings #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$StockHoldings #$FinancialAssetHoldings) (#$comment #$StockHoldings "A collection of partially tangibles; a subset of #$FinancialAssetHoldings. Each instance of #$StockHoldings is a group of #$Stock shares owned by an #$Agent. It may consist of shares in only one company or different groups of shares in multiple companies.") ;;; #$StockInFn (#$isa #$StockInFn #$CollectionDenotingFunction) (#$resultIsa #$StockInFn #$Collection) (#$resultGenl #$StockInFn #$Stock) (#$arg1Isa #$StockInFn #$LegalCorporation) (#$comment #$StockInFn "#$StockInFn is a Cyc function, specifically a #$CollectionDenotingFunction. It is used to represent a collection of stock in a particular company. (#$StockInFn COMPANY) applied to a #$LegalCorporation COMPANY returns the collection of all shares of #$Stock in that corporation.") ;;; #$StockType (#$isa #$StockType #$Collection) (#$genls #$StockType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$StockType "A collection of collections. An instance of #$StockType is a collection of all shares of stock of a particular type in a particular corporation. For example, ``General Motors Class E Stock''.") ;;; #$Stomach (#$isa #$Stomach #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$isa #$Stomach #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$genls #$Stomach #$Organ) (#$comment #$Stomach "The collection of all stomachs. An individual #$Stomach is an #$Organ which is part of the #$DigestiveSystem that churns and digests #$Food.") ;;; #$StoneStuff (#$isa #$StoneStuff #$TangibleStuffCompositionType) (#$genls #$StoneStuff #$StructuralSupportStuff) (#$genls #$StoneStuff (#$SolidFn #$EarthStuff)) (#$comment #$StoneStuff "A collection of tangible things; a subset of #$EarthStuff. Each element of #$StoneStuff is a piece or portion of rock or stone; e.g., #$MountRushmoreMonument.") ;;; #$Stream (#$isa #$Stream #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Stream #$BodyOfWater) (#$comment #$Stream "#$Stream is the generic collection for natural, flowing bodies of water, including everything from great rivers to tiny creeks. Every stream flows in (see #$in-ContOpen) some conduit (see #$FluidConduit) such as a streambed or riverbed. Examples: #$AmazonRiver, #$LittleMissouriRiver, #$WoundedKnee-Creek. Cf. #$River, #$Creek. Note that riverbanks are not streams nor are they part of streams, but rather mark the edge of a stream.") ;;; #$Street-Generic (#$isa #$Street-Generic #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Street-Generic #$UrbanArea) (#$genls #$Street-Generic #$PathForWheeledVehicles) (#$comment #$Street-Generic "The subcollection of #$PathForWheeledVehicles thatcontains all streets inside of cities and towns.") ;;; #$StreetAddress (#$isa #$StreetAddress #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$StreetAddress #$Address-LocationDesignator) (#$comment #$StreetAddress "A collection of strings. Each element of #$StreetAddress is a string that denotes a street number and street name. For example, `3721 Executive Center Drive', the street address of #$Cycorp.") ;;; #$Strength (#$isa #$Strength #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType) (#$genls #$Strength #$AnimalPhysiologicalAttribute) (#$genls #$Strength #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Strength #$ScriptPerformanceAttribute) (#$comment #$Strength "#$Strength is the #$ScriptPerformanceAttributeType for describing actions performed by exerting nontrival force at the times it is necessary.") ;;; #$StructuralSupportStuff (#$isa #$StructuralSupportStuff #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$StructuralSupportStuff #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$comment #$StructuralSupportStuff "A collection of tangibles. Each element of #$StructuralSupportStuff is a hard, rigid substance typically used for structural support. For example, the instances of #$Wood, #$BoneTheStuff, #$StoneStuff.") ;;; #$StructuredInformationSource (#$isa #$StructuredInformationSource #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$StructuredInformationSource #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$StructuredInformationSource #$InformationBearingThing) (#$comment #$StructuredInformationSource "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). Each element of #$StructuredInformationSource is an information bearing object or event in which bits of information are represented as related in a systematic way that is easily characterized by some type of formal structure, including spatial or architectural terms (used metaphorically). Examples include: a database organized in fields and values; a spreadsheet organized in rows and columns with entries; an organizational tree diagram with nodes and branches; a topographical map.") ;;; #$Student (#$isa #$Student #$OccupationType) (#$genls #$Student #$Person) (#$comment #$Student "A collection of persons. Each element of #$Student is someone who studies at an academic institution. This collection includes students at all levels of study in all types of educational institutions.") ;;; #$StudentStatusAttribute (#$isa #$StudentStatusAttribute #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$StudentStatusAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$StudentStatusAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each #$StudentStatusAttribute indicates the currency or bureaucratic phase of processing a student's participation in an educational course or institution; elements of this collection include #$Graduate, #$Enrolled, etc.") ;;; #$StuffType (#$isa #$StuffType #$Collection) (#$genls #$StuffType #$Collection) (#$comment #$StuffType "A collection of collections. Every element of #$StuffType is a collection of substances which have the following logical property: such a substance may be subdivided, spatially or temporally, and the resultant portions will also be instances of the #$StuffType collection to which the original substance belonged. Elements of #$StuffType may be collections of any kind of stuff, tangible or intangible, temporal or atemporal, which has that property. (The notion of #$StuffType corresponds roughly to that of a mass noun in English.) Thus, if COL is some collection that is an element of #$StuffType, and ITEM is an element of COL, then if ITEM is divided into two (or more) segments, each segment is also an element of COL. Examples of #$StuffType: #$Water (the collection of all portions of water, whose spatial sub-portions are also water); #$Breathing (the collection of all events wherein someone breathes for any amount of time, whose temporal sub-events are also instances of #$Breathing). Note that `taking a complete breath' would NOT be stufflike, since not every temporal interval of breathing would be a complete breath from start to finish; cf. #$ObjectType. See also these four collections: #$StuffType, #$ObjectType, #$ExistingStuffType, and #$ExistingObjectType.") ;;; #$SubAbs (#$isa #$SubAbs #$Format) (#$comment #$SubAbs "If the predicate P has entry format #$SubAbs for one of its argument positions N, then, given some fixed set of arguments in the other positions, mutiple assertions may be added to the KB so long as each term appearing in argument position N is a #$subAbstrac of some common #$Entity. Note that the case where the entity itself appears as arg N is allowed, since for all x, (#$subAbstrac X X) is true. Let's consider an example. The #$arg2Format of #$laterSubAbstractions is #$SubAbs. Thus Cyc will allow one to assert that #$laterSubAbstractions of SamZilkerAsATeenager include SamZilkerAsAnAdult, and SamZilkerDuringHisFirstMarriage, etc., so long as all of those are known to be subabstractions of the very same entity, in this case the one representing Sam Zilker.") ;;; #$SubAtomicParticle (#$isa #$SubAtomicParticle #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SubAtomicParticle #$MicroscopicScaleObject) (#$comment #$SubAtomicParticle "A collection of objects; a subset of #$MicroscopicScaleObject. Every instance of #$SubAtomicParticle is a physical particle smaller than an atom. Major subsets of #$SubAtomicParticle include #$Electron, #$Proton, and #$Neutron.") ;;; #$SubPathBetweenFn (#$isa #$SubPathBetweenFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$SubPathBetweenFn #$Path-Simple) (#$arg1Isa #$SubPathBetweenFn #$Path-Simple) (#$arg2Isa #$SubPathBetweenFn #$Thing) (#$arg3Isa #$SubPathBetweenFn #$Thing) (#$comment #$SubPathBetweenFn "Given a path PATH and different points X and Y on it, (#$SubPathBetweenFn PATH X Y) gives a unique subpath SUB of PATH that is between X and Y. This function should not be used without the context of a #$PathSystem because only with the reference to a path system can we be certain about the existence of such a subpath (e.g., Austin and Texas are different points on I-35, but there is no subpath of I35 that is between Austin and Texas). To put this in another way, let SYS be any path system. If PATH is a path in SYS and X and Y are different points in SYS and are also points on PATH, (#$SubPathBetweenFn PATH X Y) is the only subpath (in SYS) of PATH that is between X and Y. See #$pathInSystem. Note that this function is not defined on the cartesian product #$Path-Simple x #$Thing x #$Thing, but on a proper subset of it.") ;;; #$SubProcessSlot (#$isa #$SubProcessSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$SubProcessSlot #$Role) (#$genls #$SubProcessSlot #$TemporalPartSlot) (#$comment #$SubProcessSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$SubProcessSlot is a binary predicate that relates one instance of #$Event to a second event that is in some way a part of the first. Examples: #$subEvents, #$inPreparationFor, #$manufacturingSteps, #$outboundLegOfRoundTrip.") ;;; #$Submarine (#$isa #$Submarine #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Submarine #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Submarine #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$genls #$Submarine #$Ship) (#$comment #$Submarine "Submarine is the collection of all boats that can operate underwater.") ;;; #$Subway (#$isa #$Subway #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Subway #$Railway) (#$comment #$Subway "The collection of all underground #$Railways, under the surfaces of major cities. Some parts of Subways may be in trenches, on bridges or on elevated tracks, but most of a Subway is in underground tunnels.") ;;; #$SubwayStation (#$isa #$SubwayStation #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SubwayStation #$HumanOccupationConstruct) (#$comment #$SubwayStation "The collection of all subway (underground railroad) stations. These are usually located at least partly underground, on subway tracks, and their primary purpose is to be a place where subway trains discharge and receive passengers.") ;;; #$SuccessorFn (#$isa #$SuccessorFn #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$SuccessorFn #$Integer) (#$arg1Isa #$SuccessorFn #$Integer) (#$comment #$SuccessorFn "(#$SuccessorFn ?N) denotes the next #$Integer after ?N. This is somewhat broader than the ordinary ''successor'' function on natural numbers, since #$SuccessorFn applies to all #$Integers.") ;;; #$SummerSeason (#$isa #$SummerSeason #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$SummerSeason #$SeasonOfYear) (#$comment #$SummerSeason "The collection of Summer seasons. In the #$TemperateClimateCycle, Summer is generally the time of greatest warmth. #$SummerSeason represents the climatic aspects of summer. For its purely temporal aspects, see #$CalendarSummer.") ;;; #$Sunny (#$isa #$Sunny #$WeatherAttribute) (#$genlAttributes #$Sunny (#$HighAmountFn #$Visibility)) (#$comment #$Sunny "The #$WeatherAttribute that characterizes an #$OutdoorLocation at which the sun is shining brightly.") ;;; #$Sunrise (#$isa #$Sunrise #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Sunrise #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Sunrise #$QualitativeTimeOfDay) (#$comment #$Sunrise "Each #$Sunrise is an #$Event where, at a given location, the #$Sun appears to clear the horizon as it `rises'. This event is construed to occur regardless of the visibility of the #$Sun due to obscuring objects such as clouds. Every #$Sunrise is #$contiguousAfter a #$Dawn, and every #$DaytimeHours is #$temporallyStartedBy a #$Sunrise.") ;;; #$Sunset (#$isa #$Sunset #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Sunset #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Sunset #$QualitativeTimeOfDay) (#$comment #$Sunset "Each #$Sunset is an #$Event where, at a given location, the #$Sun occludes the horizon as it appears to set. This event is construed to occur regardless of the visibility of the #$Sun due to obscuring objects such as clouds. There is a #$Dusk which is #$contiguousAfter each #$Sunset. Every #$DaytimeHours is #$temporallyFinishedBy a #$Sunset, as is every #$Afternoon.") ;;; #$SuperconductorResistance (#$isa #$SuperconductorResistance #$ElectricalResistance) (#$comment #$SuperconductorResistance "A measurable physical attribute. #$SuperconductorResistance is the element of #$ElectricalResistance that describes an object which has absolutely no resistance to the passage of electricity. That level of resistance is found only in superconductors.") ;;; #$SupplyCompany (#$isa #$SupplyCompany #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SupplyCompany #$OrganizationWithBusinessCustomers) (#$comment #$SupplyCompany "A collection of commercial organizations. An element of #$SupplyCompany is a company whose #$MainFunction is selling supplies to other companies. For example, elements of #$ElectricalSupplyCompany or grocery #$Wholesalers.") ;;; #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory (#$isa #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory #$Microtheory) (#$comment #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory "The collection of microtheories that describe how things are 'supposed to be' according to some agent or agents. This technique can be used to represent things like the policies of a company, the laws of a country, the tenets of a religion, the rules of proper conduct for employees of a particular corporation, etc. The assertions in a #$SupposedToBeMicrotheory may or may not describe the world as it actually is. Examples: #$BasicWesternLegalConceptsMt, #$SportsRulesOf-BoxingSportsEvent, #$CycStaffCalendar, and #$OfficeCodeOfConductMt.") ;;; #$Surface-Abstract (#$isa #$Surface-Abstract #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Surface-Abstract #$Surface-Generic) (#$genls #$Surface-Abstract #$AbstractShape) (#$comment #$Surface-Abstract "The collection of all abstract mathematical surfaces - not real physical ones that we can touch.") ;;; #$Surface-Generic (#$isa #$Surface-Generic #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$Surface-Generic #$SpatialThing) (#$comment #$Surface-Generic "The collection of all surfaces (including #$Surface-Abstract and #$Surface-Physical); each is a #$SpatialThing that has extent in at least two dimensions, but either does not have a thickness (i.e. a two dimensional object) or has an insignificant thickness compared with its length and width (Note: if the object is a closed surface, e.g. an apple skin, any significant sub region must have insignificant thickness compared to its length and width). Surfaces may be two or three dimensional, tangible or intangible. Such a surface may be curved, folded, crumpled, or flat. Thus a Euclidian two dimensional disc, a dinner plate, a crumpled sheet of paper, the top of a desk, a ribbon, and a basket ball's skin are exemplars of a #$Surface-Generic. They may be spatially connected or not spatially connected. Thus, both a frisbee and the Milky Way galaxy (as it appears in the sky) are exemples. Negative exemplars include an entire basket ball (i.e. its skin plus the cavity inside), a planet, and a euclidian solid sphere. All of these are negative exemplars because thickness is not significantly smaller than length and width. If an object has an #$areaOfObject it must be a #$Surface-Generic. If the object `has two sides' (e.g. a sheet of paper, a frisbee, but not #$Texas-State or an #$InsideSurface of a cave or room. (See #$OneSidedVsTwoSidedObjectNote.) The areas on either side of a #$Surface-Generic are equal.") ;;; #$Surface-Physical (#$isa #$Surface-Physical #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Surface-Physical #$Surface-Generic) (#$genls #$Surface-Physical #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$Surface-Physical "The collection of all of real physical (hence technically three-dimensional) surfaces. The thickness of a #$Surface-Physical is much less than its average length or width, but it is not of zero thickness. A Surface-Physical may have holes, tears, and may be unconnected, in multiple pieces.") ;;; #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject (#$isa #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject #$RegionType) (#$genls #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject #$SheetOfSomeStuff) (#$genls #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject #$Surface-Physical) (#$comment #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject "The collection of all physical surfaces (or portions or patches of surfaces) of #$TangibleThings.") ;;; #$Surgery (#$isa #$Surgery #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Surgery #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$Surgery #$ProductType) (#$genls #$Surgery #$MedicalCareEvent) (#$comment #$Surgery "A collection of actions. An instance of #$Surgery is a medical care event in which a medical professional cuts a part of the living body, either to examine what's inside (a diagnostic, exploratory surgery) or to treat an ailment (a #$MedicalTreatmentEvent). Examples of surgeries which are medical treatments include: removal of a foreign body, cancer, an organ that's causing trouble, etc.; insertion of a medical device (e.g, a pacemaker); or repair of some internal structure.") ;;; #$Surprise (#$isa #$Surprise #$FeelingAttributeType) (#$genls #$Surprise #$FeelingAttribute) (#$comment #$Surprise "Impression due to something unexpected, unanticipated, or startling. This is a collection; for an explanation of a typical #$FeelingAttributeType, see #$Happiness. Some more specialized #$FeelingAttributeTypes than #$Surprise are #$Disappointment and #$Wonder-Admiration.") ;;; #$Suspension (#$isa #$Suspension #$ExistingStuffType) (#$genls #$Suspension #$Mixture) (#$comment #$Suspension "A collection of tangible stuffs; a subset of #$Mixture. Each instance of #$Suspension is a mixture which has exactly one #$suspendingFluid and at least one kind of #$suspendedPart. Each of the #$suspendedParts is an instance of #$Particle, and there are a mob of them. Some suspensions are fairly stable (e.g., mayonnaise), while others tend to separate quickly (e.g., sugar stirred into cold lemonade). Other examples of #$Suspension: a cloud, a spray of aerosol deodorant.") ;;; #$Swallowing (#$isa #$Swallowing #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Swallowing #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Swallowing #$BodyMovementEvent) (#$genls #$Swallowing #$BiologicalIntakeEvent) (#$genls #$Swallowing #$BodilyFunctionEvent) (#$comment #$Swallowing "The collection of actions in which an #$Animal moves a solid or a liquid from its #$Mouth to its #$Stomach. A type of #$BodilyFunctionEvent as well as a type of #$BodyMovementEvent.") ;;; #$Switzerland (#$isa #$Switzerland #$IndependentCountry) (#$isa #$Switzerland #$Entity) (#$comment #$Switzerland "The nation of Switzerland as it has existed throughout time; includes both its physical and its political aspects.") ;;; #$SymbolicObject (#$isa #$SymbolicObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$SymbolicObject #$InformationBearingObject) (#$comment #$SymbolicObject "A collection of objects. Each element of #$SymbolicObject by convention symbolizes some thing or event or achievement, without describing it propositionally in any detail. Examples include national flags, military medals and ribbons, school colors, an Oscar, a Crucifix, a caduceus, trademark logos of commercial brands. Elements of #$SymbolicObject need not have propositional information contents; probably most do not. Rather, symbolic objects are typically associated (by an informed interpreter) with the particular entities that originated or appropriated them. To emotional interpreters, such as humans, symbolic objects are often evocative of certain attitudes associated with the entities symbolized--such as nationalism, respect, school spirit, hatred, reverence, etc. Only some elements of #$SymbolicObject have the #$primaryFunction of serving as symbols (e.g., national flags, war memorials); others are symbolic in a secondary capacity (e.g., a gravestone symbolizes death but its primary function is as a marker). Some objects are created to serve a symbolic function (primary or secondary), while others acquire symbolic associations in the course of their `lifetimes' (e.g., San Juan Hill, Ellis Island). Examples of #$SymbolicObject: the #$ArcDeTriomphe, the #$StatueOfLiberty, the #$PyramidOfCheops, the #$UnitedStatesCapitolBuilding (and other capitol buildings); a hangman's noose, a Menorah, a white dove, a black armband.") ;;; #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType (#$isa #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType #$SiblingDisjointCollection) (#$genls #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType #$ExistingObjectType) (#$comment #$SymmetricAnatomicalPartType "A collection of collections. Instances are types of #$anatomicalParts of bilaterally symmetrical organisms (#$Organism-Whole) which occur in bilaterally symmetric pairs. This is not intended to include broader categories like #$Tooth, #$Rib-AnimalBodyPart, or #$Finger, but the specific parts of which the organism only has two (EyeTooth, FifthRib, or #$RingFinger).") ;;; #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate (#$isa #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$isa #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genls #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate #$CommutativeRelation) (#$comment #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements are all symmetric relations. A predicate F is an element of #$SymmetricBinaryPredicate if and only if F is binary and (P X Y) implies (P Y X). Examples: #$siblings, #$teammates, #$connectedTo, #$bordersOn.") ;;; #$SymmetryMemberFunction (#$isa #$SymmetryMemberFunction #$RelationType) (#$comment #$SymmetryMemberFunction "The class of functions which return one member of a symmetric relation. This class consists of #$LeftFn and #$RightFn.") ;;; #$SystemOfGovernment (#$isa #$SystemOfGovernment #$UnorderedAttributeType) (#$genls #$SystemOfGovernment #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$SystemOfGovernment "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$SystemOfGovernment is an attribute describing a type of government that a country might have. Used with #$governmentType. Examples: #$DemocraticGovernment, #$Monarchy, #$SocialistGovernment, #$MilitaryGovernment.") ;;; #$TactileSensor (#$isa #$TactileSensor #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$TactileSensor #$Sensor) (#$comment #$TactileSensor "A subset of #$Sensor, namely those sensors that operate by coming into physical contact with the object being perceived. #$TactileSensors are capable of perceiving properties such as texture, hardness, roughness, etc.") ;;; #$TakingCustodyOfAnimal (#$isa #$TakingCustodyOfAnimal #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$TakingCustodyOfAnimal #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$TakingCustodyOfAnimal #$TransferringPossession) (#$genls #$TakingCustodyOfAnimal #$TakingSomething) (#$comment #$TakingCustodyOfAnimal "A collection of events. In an instance of #$TakingCustodyOfAnimal, an #$Agent takes physical control of a (human or non-human) animal. This collection includes trapping animals, kidnapping people (or animals), and also what the police do after they arrest a person for a crime. The animal may or may not be taken alive.") ;;; #$TakingOffAClothingItem (#$isa #$TakingOffAClothingItem #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$TakingOffAClothingItem #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$TakingOffAClothingItem #$RemovingSomething) (#$genls #$TakingOffAClothingItem #$HumanActivity) (#$genls #$TakingOffAClothingItem #$HandlingAnObject) (#$comment #$TakingOffAClothingItem "A collection of events. Each element of #$TakingOffAClothingItem is an event in which something being worn is removed, either by the wearer or by someone else (e.g., removing a child's boots or a horse's saddle). After an element of #$TakingOffAClothingItem occurs, the situation (an element of #$WearingSomething) in which the item was being #$wornOn the body is over.") ;;; #$TakingSomething (#$isa #$TakingSomething #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$TakingSomething #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$TakingSomething #$GainingUserRights) (#$genls #$TakingSomething #$AnimalActivity) (#$comment #$TakingSomething "A collection of events; a subset of #$GainingUserRights. In an instance of #$TakingSomething, an #$Agent takes an object, in the sense of taking it away or using or exercising access to it. The agent may or may not have any legal right or authorization to use that object. In an instance of #$TakingSomething, the taker (the #$toPossessor) must intend and actively (attempt to) acquire the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer, so the taking event is intentional and thus, strictly speaking, #$performedBy the taker.") ;;; #$TangibleObjectPredicate (#$isa #$TangibleObjectPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$TangibleObjectPredicate #$ProcessPredicate) (#$comment #$TangibleObjectPredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TangibleObjectPredicate is a predicate used in assertions which describe the properties of tangible objects. Examples: #$viscosityOfSubstance, #$colorOfObject, #$porosityOfObject, #$physicalBuild.") ;;; #$TangibleProduct (#$isa #$TangibleProduct #$ExistingStuffType) (#$isa #$TangibleProduct #$ProductType) (#$genls #$TangibleProduct #$TangibleThing) (#$genls #$TangibleProduct #$Product) (#$genls #$TangibleProduct #$PartiallyTangibleProduct) (#$comment #$TangibleProduct "A collection of tangible stuff. Each element of #$TangibleProduct is a tangible object or tangible material that is exchanged for money or trade. Tangible products are purely tangible and do not have an intangible component (cf. #$PartiallyTangibleProduct, #$PartiallyTangible). #$TangibleProduct is the most general class of tangible products--everything from cotton swabs to coconut oil to F-16s belongs to this collection.") ;;; #$TangibleStuffCompositionType (#$isa #$TangibleStuffCompositionType #$Collection) (#$genls #$TangibleStuffCompositionType #$ExistingStuffType) (#$comment #$TangibleStuffCompositionType "A collection of collections. Instances are collections of #$TangibleThing whose membership is based only on the physical and/or chemical composition of the elements, and not on any other property. Thus #$TangibleStuffCompositionType does not have as elements any collections whose instances are determined by the physical state they are in. For example, the collection #$Water is an instance of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType: instances of #$Water are all pieces of substance with the chemical composition H20. On the other hand , the collection of all pieces of ice [i.e., (#$SolidFn #$Water)] is not a #$TangibleStuffCompositionType, because membership in the collection of ice depends not solely on the substance's composition, but also on its physical state. More sample instances of #$TangibleStuffCompositionType: the collections #$Nylon, #$GasolineFuel, #$CottageCheese, #$FattyTissue, #$BabyPowder, #$Nitrogen, and #$Glass.") ;;; #$TangibleStuffStateType (#$isa #$TangibleStuffStateType #$Collection) (#$genls #$TangibleStuffStateType #$ExistingStuffType) (#$comment #$TangibleStuffStateType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$TangibleStuffStateType is a collection of all pieces of tangible stuff that are associated with only a single physical state (i.e., structural phase). This includes collections both (1) of substances which exist only in one state (e.g., #$Diamond) and (2) of stuff which by definition has a certain state (e.g., ice, or gels of any composition). Thus, ice, water vapor, and liquid water--i.e., (#$LiquidFn #$Water)--would be represented by a #$TangibleStuffStateType. Water itself, however, can exist in all three states; thus, the collection #$Water, which includes all instances of water regardless of state, is NOT a #$TangibleStuffStateType. Elements of #$TangibleStuffStateType include the collections #$SolidTangibleThing, #$Air, #$Powder, #$Gel, #$Paste, and many others. Any of the Cyc functions #$SolidFn, #$LiquidFn, or #$GaseousFn can be used to create a collection which #$isa #$TangibleStuffStateType.") ;;; #$TangibleSubstancePredicate (#$isa #$TangibleSubstancePredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$TangibleSubstancePredicate #$TangibleObjectPredicate) (#$comment #$TangibleSubstancePredicate "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TangibleSubstancePredicate is a predicate that is used to specify or describe the properties (usually physical properties) of tangible substances. Examples: #$stateOfMatter, #$freezingPoint, #$physicalStructuralIntegrity, #$solubleIn.") ;;; #$TangibleThing (#$isa #$TangibleThing #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$TangibleThing #$PartiallyTangible) (#$comment #$TangibleThing "The collection of things which are made of some sort of matter and whose nature is primarily material--in the sense that they do not have important non-physical properties (such as encoded information). (Compare #$PartiallyTangible.) #$TangibleThing includes chemical compounds, natural objects (and their parts), tangible artifacts and man-made materials (but see #$InformationBearingObject). Collections that are specializations of #$TangibleThing may be elements of #$ExistingObjectType or #$ExistingStuffType (qq.v.), or of neither. Note: #$TangibleThing has the genls #$PartiallyTangible in the #$BaseKB, so its elements are NOT generally excluded from having intangible aspects; however, material things which do have important non-physical aspects should be elements of #$PartiallyTangible instead. Moreover, note that in some contexts, all instances of this collection must be 100% tangible and have no intangible aspects (i.e., it is #$disjointWith #$PartiallyTangible).") ;;; #$Tank-Vehicle (#$isa #$Tank-Vehicle #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Tank-Vehicle #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Tank-Vehicle #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$genls #$Tank-Vehicle #$Weapon) (#$genls #$Tank-Vehicle #$LandTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$Tank-Vehicle "The collection of all tanks, armored vehicles designed for military purposes, with mounted guns, heavy armor, and often tracked wheels.") ;;; #$TankerShip (#$isa #$TankerShip #$ProductType) (#$isa #$TankerShip #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$TankerShip #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$genls #$TankerShip #$CargoShip) (#$comment #$TankerShip "The subcollection of CargoShip that contains all tankers, i.e., ships that by design can transport large amount of liquid or gas materials.") ;;; #$TastePerception (#$isa #$TastePerception #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$TastePerception #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$TastePerception #$Perceiving) (#$comment #$TastePerception "The collection of sensory #$Perceivings in which a #$PerceptualAgent #$tastes some object, by means of the appropriate #$Sensor, and thereby acquires information about it.") ;;; #$TaxonomicSlot (#$isa #$TaxonomicSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$TaxonomicSlot #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$TaxonomicSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TaxonomicSlot is a binary predicate used in assertions indicating the position of a Cyc constant in one of Cyc's taxonomies (for #$Collections, #$Events, etc.). Examples: #$isa, #$genls, #$partitionedInto, #$coExtensional, #$disjointWith, #$hasMembers, #$subBeliefSystem, #$subGoals.") ;;; #$TaxonomicSlotForAnyUnit (#$isa #$TaxonomicSlotForAnyUnit #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$TaxonomicSlotForAnyUnit #$TaxonomicSlot) (#$comment #$TaxonomicSlotForAnyUnit "A collection of predicates; a subset of #$TaxonomicSlot. Each element of #$TaxonomicSlotForAnyUnit is a binary predicate that may be used to define the taxonomy of instances; i.e., the collection of binary predicates applicable to any term. Examples: #$isa, #$generalizations.") ;;; #$TaxonomicSlotForCollections (#$isa #$TaxonomicSlotForCollections #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$TaxonomicSlotForCollections #$TaxonomicSlot) (#$comment #$TaxonomicSlotForCollections "A collection of predicates; a subset of #$TaxonomicSlot. Each element of #$TaxonomicSlotForCollections is a binary predicate used to form assertions that define the taxonomy of #$Collections. Examples: #$genls, #$partitionedInto, #$coExtensional, #$covering, #$disjointWith.") ;;; #$Teaching (#$isa #$Teaching #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Teaching #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Teaching #$AnimalActivity) (#$genls #$Teaching #$Communicating) (#$genls #$Teaching #$ServiceEvent) (#$comment #$Teaching "One agent imparting learned knowledge to another. This may have #$subEvents of the student asking or responding to questions, but the teacher is the primary performer.") ;;; #$TeethCleaning (#$isa #$TeethCleaning #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$TeethCleaning #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$TeethCleaning #$MedicalCareEvent) (#$genls #$TeethCleaning #$DiagnosingAndRepairingSomething) (#$genls #$TeethCleaning #$Cleaning) (#$genls #$TeethCleaning #$SingleDoerAction) (#$comment #$TeethCleaning "A collection of events. In each #$TeethCleaning event, an animal's teeth are cleaned. In order to distinguish, e.g., professional teeth cleaning by a dental technician from daily personal care, different microtheories are used. Consider just the frequencies of performing this action: in the #$HumanActivitiesMt, where a person brushes their own teeth as a subevent of #$DailyPersonalCleaning, this occurs once or twice per day. In the #$ProviderOfServicePerspectiveMt, that is from the dental hygienist's point of view, it occurs about ten times per day. In the #$RecipientOfServicePerspectiveMt, that is from the point of view of someone going to get their teeth cleaned at a dentist's office, it happens a couple times per year.") ;;; #$TemperateClimateCycle (#$isa #$TemperateClimateCycle #$ClimateCycleType) (#$genls #$TemperateClimateCycle #$AnnualClimateCycle) (#$comment #$TemperateClimateCycle "A collection of annual climate cycles. Each element of #$TemperateClimateCycle is a year-long event consisting of weather occurring (typically) in terrestrial regions between (roughly) the Tropic of Cancer and the Arctic Circle in the Northern Hemisphere, and between the Tropic of Capricorn and the Antarctic Circle in the Southern Hemisphere. Characteristics of a temperate climate include: four distinguishable seasons, Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter, with variations in temperature and precipitation; overall moderate precipitation.") ;;; #$Temperature (#$isa #$Temperature #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Temperature #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Temperature #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Temperature "A collection of physical attributes. Each element of #$Temperature is an amount of heat in a particular instance of #$PartiallyTangible. Elements of #$Temperature may be either a fixed interval, such as 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit, or a range, such as #$HumanHabitableTemperature. See #$UnitOfTemperature for the units used by Cyc to measure temperatures.") ;;; #$TemperatureChangingProcess (#$isa #$TemperatureChangingProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$TemperatureChangingProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$TemperatureChangingProcess #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent) (#$genls #$TemperatureChangingProcess #$CompositePhysicalAndMentalEvent) (#$comment #$TemperatureChangingProcess "A collection of events. Each #$TemperatureChangingProcess is an #$Event which has, as one of its significant effects, changing the #$Temperature of some object. E.g., #$CookingFood is a subset of this collection. A particular event in which somone uses a soldering iron to connect a resistor to a circuit board would be an element of this collection. Note that a change in temperature is one of the kinds of intrinsic change which an object can undergo; i.e., #$TemperatureChangingProcess is a subset of #$IntrinsicStateChangeEvent.") ;;; #$TemporalObjectType (#$isa #$TemporalObjectType #$Collection) (#$genls #$TemporalObjectType #$ObjectType) (#$comment #$TemporalObjectType "A collection of collections. Each element of each element of #$TemporalObjectType is temporally object-like. Take an element of #$TemporalObjectType -- say COL. Take an element of that -- say OBJ. Imagine making a videotape of OBJ. Now play back just a small piece of that videotape. It won't be an element of COL. E.g., COL could be the set of events in which an orange is cut into quarters. Say a videotape of that has been made of one such event, which lasted thirty seconds. Now imagine some 5-second excerpt of that videotape. That, in turn, is not a videotape of someone cutting up an orange into four pieces. So the collection of all orange-quartering events is itself an element of #$TemporalObjectType; it is NOT an element of #$TemporalStuffType (q.v.). If a collection COL #$isa #$TemporalObjectType, it is reasonable to state axioms about temporally extrinsic properties of COL's instances -- properties such as duration, distance, cost, etc. E.g., it makes sense to talk about the #$duration of a particular #$Event in which an orange is quartered.") ;;; #$TemporalPartSlot (#$isa #$TemporalPartSlot #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$TemporalPartSlot #$BinaryPredicate) (#$genls #$TemporalPartSlot #$NonPhysicalPartPredicate) (#$comment #$TemporalPartSlot "A collection of predicates. Each element of #$TemporalPartSlot is a binary predicate used to relate two things which have temporal extent, asserting either that one thing is a temporal part of the second thing, or that one thing is a temporal composite that includes the second thing. Examples: #$developmentalStages, #$subEvents, #$firstSubEvents, #$subAbstrac, #$manufacturingSteps, #$beforeActors, #$afterActors.") ;;; #$TemporalRelation (#$isa #$TemporalRelation #$PredicateCategory) (#$genls #$TemporalRelation #$ExtensionalRepresentationPredicate) (#$genls #$TemporalRelation #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$TemporalRelation "#$TemporalRelations specify relative positions of #$TemporalThings in #$Time. #$PrimitiveTemporalRelations (such as #$after) interrelate time points, and #$ComplexTemporalRelations (such as #$postEvents and #$laterSubAbstractions) interrelate more complicated temporal objects such as a pair of events, a pair of tangible objects, etc.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$TemporalRelation #$SENSUS-Information1997 "TEMPORAL-RELATION") ;;; #$TemporalStuffType (#$isa #$TemporalStuffType #$Collection) (#$genls #$TemporalStuffType #$StuffType) (#$comment #$TemporalStuffType "A collection of collections. Each element of each element of #$TemporalStuffType is temporally substance-like. Consider, e.g., #$AnimalWalkingProcess, the set of all walking events. Consider a particular walking event. Videotape it. Play back a few seconds of that videotape, showing one of many #$timeSlices of the original walking event. That shorter video is still clearly going to be a video of a walking event. So the collection #$AnimalWalkingProcess (the set of all walking events) is an element of #$TemporalStuffType; it is NOT an element of #$TemporalObjectType (q.v.). Of course, there is a #$granuleOfTime for #$AnimalWalkingProcess, namely, #$TakingAStep, such that any #$timeSlices shorter than that are likely not to be considered real walking events. This is analogous to granule-size for physical substance types such as peanut butter (the granules there are a peanut piece, a glob of peanut oil, etc.) or wood (the granule there is an individual plant cell). More esoterically, consider a time slice of a person. `Albert Einstein while at Princeton' was still a person. So #$Person (the set of all people) is an element of #$TemporalStuffType. All tangible objects are temporally stuff-like in this fashion. If a collection COL #$isa #$TemporalStuffType, it is reasonable to state axioms about the temporally intrinsic properties of COL's instances --- properties such as rate of speed, cost per pound, kinds of actors, etc.") ;;; #$TemporalThing (#$isa #$TemporalThing #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$TemporalThing #$Collection) (#$genls #$TemporalThing #$Individual) (#$comment #$TemporalThing "#$TemporalThing is the collection of all things which have a particular temporal extent, things about which one might sensibly ask `When?'. #$TemporalThing therefore includes many things, such as actions, tangible objects, agreements, and abstract pieces of time. Some things are NOT instances of #$TemporalThing because they are abstract, timeless, etc. -- such as a mathematical set, an attribute, an integer, etc.") ;;; #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType (#$isa #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType #$Collection) (#$genls #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType #$TemporalObjectType) (#$comment #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType "(#$isa ?X #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType) means that any two distinct instances of ?X are #$temporallyDisjoint. It is true that (#$isa #$Wednesday #$TemporallyDisjointIntervalType because no Wednesday can temporally intersect any other (distinct) Wednesday. [See also #$MutuallyDisjointIntervalCollection.]") ;;; #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights (#$isa #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights #$ChangeInUserRights) (#$genls #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights #$Transaction) (#$comment #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights "A collection of events; a subset of #$ChangeInUserRights. In an instance of #$TemporaryChangeOfUserRights, one agent temporarily gives up user rights over some object (see #$UserRightsAttribute), while another agent temporarily gains some user rights over that object. This occurs in renting, loaning, or sharing of things.") ;;; #$TemporaryWork (#$isa #$TemporaryWork #$WorkStatus) (#$comment #$TemporaryWork "An attribute; an element of #$WorkStatus. The attribute of being a temporary worker for an organization.") ;;; #$TenderObject (#$isa #$TenderObject #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$TenderObject #$LiquidAsset) (#$genls #$TenderObject #$CompositeTangibleAndIntangibleObject) (#$comment #$TenderObject "A collection of objects. Each element of #$TenderObject is an item presented by an agent in instances of #$Paying or #$Spending. Typical examples include cash, checks, credit cards, travellers's checks. Unusual but possible tender objects could be gold, goats, or golf balls.") ;;; #$TensileStrength (#$isa #$TensileStrength #$DerivedNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$TensileStrength #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$TensileStrength #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$TensileStrength "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$TensileStrength describes a specific capacity of a physical object to be deformed. The higher the deformability, the lower the force required to deform the object. Different tensile strengths may be represented using a #$GenericValueFunction. Tensile strengths of objects are indicated with the predicate #$tensileStrengthOfSubstance.") ;;; #$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition (#$isa #$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition #$PhysiologicalConditionType) (#$genls #$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition #$LifeThreateningCondition) (#$comment #$TerminalPhysiologicalCondition "A collection of ailments which are distinguished by the shared characteristic that if left untreated, those ailments will certainly cause a patient to die -- and may eventually do so despite treatment. Subsets of this collection include: #$Diabetes, #$Cancer, #$Botulism, and #$Rabies. Note that this does not mean: `are 100% likely to lead to death if untreated'. It does not mean `the organism will not seek treatment elsewhere,. Also note that this is somewhat context dependent.") ;;; #$TernaryPredicate (#$isa #$TernaryPredicate #$RelationType) (#$isa #$TernaryPredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$TernaryPredicate #$Predicate) (#$comment #$TernaryPredicate "#$TernaryPredicate is the collection of all Cyc predicates which take three arguments.") ;;; #$TerrainAttribute (#$isa #$TerrainAttribute #$AttributeType) (#$genls #$TerrainAttribute #$AttributeValue) (#$comment #$TerrainAttribute "A collection of attributes. Each element of #$TerrainAttribute is an attribute used for describing the terrain in a geographic region. Examples: #$Rocky, #$Sandy, #$RuggedTerrain, #$Desertlike, #$SnowCovered, #$Mountainous.") ;;; #$TerrestrialDirection (#$isa #$TerrestrialDirection #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$TerrestrialDirection #$UnitVectorInterval) (#$comment #$TerrestrialDirection "The collection of directions used to describe the orientation of objects on or near the surface of the Earth. Includes terrestrial directions related to compass points (e.g., #$East-Directly) and to the gravitational vector (e.g., #$Down-Directly, #$VerticalDirection). Note that assertions in different terrestrial contexts can be inconsistent in a neutral context: East in China points in a different direction than East in New York!") ;;; #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference (#$isa #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference #$FrameOfReference) (#$comment #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference "The terrestrial frame of reference is the unique individual #$FrameOfReference that generally regards the surface of the #$PlanetEarth as fixed in the background space. It permits fixed notions of #$VerticalOrientation and #$HorizontalOrientation. There are multiple standard coordinate systems based on the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference, including #$latitude and #$longitude, Earth-Centered Cartesian, and others. Various local frames of reference and coordinate systems assume the #$TerrestrialFrameOfReference.") ;;; #$TerrestrialOrganism (#$isa #$TerrestrialOrganism #$OrganismTypeByHabitat) (#$genls #$TerrestrialOrganism #$Organism-Whole) (#$comment #$TerrestrialOrganism "The collection of organisms adapted to life on land, out of water. Elements of #$TerrestrialOrganism spend all or most of their time out of the water, in air, either on the land surface or under it. #$TerrestrialOrganism includes, for example, members of its subsets #$Elephant, #$Ladybug, #$Bird, #$Person, etc.") ;;; #$Territory (#$isa #$Territory #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Territory #$ControlledLand) (#$genls #$Territory #$CountrySubsidiary) (#$comment #$Territory "A collection of geopolitical entities. Each element of #$Territory is a geopolitical region which is distinct from, but dependent on and controlled by, another geopolitical entity. Examples: #$PuertoRico, #$BritishAntarcticTerritory, #$GalapagosIslands, #$RyukyuIslands.") ;;; #$TextGroup (#$isa #$TextGroup #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$TextGroup #$CharacterString) (#$comment #$TextGroup "A collection of #$CharacterStrings. Each element of #$TextGroup is a #$CharacterString which forms a 'natural' or meaningful group, above the level of a word. Thus, 'er#q2' would be a character string, but not a text group, whereas the sentence you are now reading is a text group, as is a paragraph, etc. Note that a TextGroup is the abstract sequence of symbols, not the tangible encoding of them.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$TextGroup #$SENSUS-Information1997 "TEXT-GROUP") ;;; #$TextMicrotheory (#$isa #$TextMicrotheory #$ObjectType) (#$isa #$TextMicrotheory #$MicrotheoryType) (#$genls #$TextMicrotheory #$PropositionalInformationThing) (#$comment #$TextMicrotheory "The collection of Microtheories each of which contains assertions that convey the information content of a particular text. The propositional content of a text is a #$PropositionalInformationThing, and it forms a #$TextMicrotheory.") ;;; #$TextileProduct (#$isa #$TextileProduct #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$TextileProduct #$ProductType) (#$genls #$TextileProduct #$Artifact) (#$genls #$TextileProduct #$SolidTangibleProduct) (#$comment #$TextileProduct "A collection of tangible products. Each element of #$TextileProduct is a product made by spinning, weaving, knitting, wrapping, pressing, or other processes used to form fibers into usable materials such as cloth or line. Examples include elements of the subsets #$Yarn, #$Rope, and #$CottonCloth.") ;;; #$TextualMaterial (#$isa #$TextualMaterial #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$TextualMaterial #$InformationBearingThing) (#$comment #$TextualMaterial "A collection of information bearing things (IBTs). Each element of #$TextualMaterial is an IBT whose informational content is encoded in some instance of #$CommunicationConvention which is a linear symbolic language; e.g., a newspaper printed in English written with the Roman alphabet; a book printed in English using Braille; or a poster written in Chinese using characters. Textual material always includes some physical representation of one or more elements of #$CharacterString (which are abstract). Textual materials may be tangible objects, such as newspapers, but also may include intangibles such as patterns of light projecting words onto a wall. The subsets of #$TextualMaterial are multifarious, including, e.g., #$GroceryList, #$W2-form, #$RestaurantMenu, #$GrantProposal, #$WillAndTestament, #$BusinessCard, #$MusicalText, #$BalanceSheet-Document.") ;;; #$TheCovering (#$isa #$TheCovering #$VariableArityRelation) (#$isa #$TheCovering #$ReifiableFunction) (#$resultIsa #$TheCovering #$Set-Mathematical) (#$argsIsa #$TheCovering #$SetOrCollection) (#$comment #$TheCovering "This is a special variable-arity #$ReifiableFunction that allows one to specify a set of collections or mathematical sets which cover a given set or collection, in order to conveniently state assertions about covering (see #$covering). For example, the fact that the collection #$CreationOrDestructionEvent is covered by the collections #$CreationEvent and #$DestructionEvent can be expressed as (#$covering #$CreationOrDestructionEvent (#$TheCovering #$CreationEvent #$DestructionEvent)).") ;;; #$TheEmptySet (#$isa #$TheEmptySet #$Set-Mathematical) (#$comment #$TheEmptySet "#$TheEmptySet is the empty set, i.e., the set that has no element and is sometimes called the null. Note that #$TheEmptySet is not an instance of #$Collection.") ;;; #$ThePartition (#$isa #$ThePartition #$VariableArityRelation) (#$isa #$ThePartition #$ReifiableFunction) (#$resultIsa #$ThePartition #$Set-Mathematical) (#$resultIsa #$ThePartition #$DisjointSetOrCollection) (#$argsIsa #$ThePartition #$SetOrCollection) (#$comment #$ThePartition "This is a special variable-arity #$ReifiableFunction that allows one to specify a set of collections or mathematical sets which partition a given set or collection, in order to conveniently state assertions about partitioning (see #$partitionedInto). For example, the fact that the collection #$Whale is partitioned into the collections #$BaleenWhale and #$ToothedWhale can be expressed as (#$partitionedInto #$Whale (#$ThePartition #$BaleenWhale #$ToothedWhale)).") ;;; #$TheSet (#$isa #$TheSet #$CommutativeRelation) (#$isa #$TheSet #$VariableArityRelation) (#$isa #$TheSet #$NonPredicateFunction) (#$resultIsa #$TheSet #$Set-Mathematical) (#$argsIsa #$TheSet #$Thing) (#$comment #$TheSet "(#$TheSet E1 E2 ... En) denotes the #$Set-Mathematical consisting of the elements E1 through En. #$TheSet is a variable arity relation, taking one or more arguments. All the arguments must be ground terms; variables are not allowed.") ;;; #$TheStartOfTheCommonEra (#$isa #$TheStartOfTheCommonEra #$TimePoint) (#$comment #$TheStartOfTheCommonEra "This is the instant of time between the years BC and AD.") ;;; #$TheTerm (#$isa #$TheTerm #$Collection) (#$genls #$TheTerm #$Thing) (#$comment #$TheTerm "A special kind of term that allows back-reference to any individual thing that satisfies the constraints on the #$TheTerm. E.g., 'Suppose a cat walks into a fish store. The cat is likely to get into a lot of trouble.' 'The cat' in the second sentence refers back to 'a cat' in the first; i.e., any cat that walks into a fish store. In Cyc, the constraints for a #$TheTerm in a given context are given by use of the predicate #$theTermConstraints on the unit representing that context. In lifting assertions out of that context, the constraints are added as antecedents.") ;;; #$ThermalConductivity (#$isa #$ThermalConductivity #$PrimitiveAttributeType) (#$genls #$ThermalConductivity #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$genls #$ThermalConductivity #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$ThermalConductivity "A collection of attributes; a subset of #$PhysicalAttribute. Each element of #$ThermalConductivity represents a specific ability of some physical object to conduct heat; e.g., #$ConductsHeatPoorly, #$ConductsSomeHeat, #$ConductsHeatWell. An individual object's #$ThermalConductivity is indicated with the predicate #$thermalConductivityOfObject.") ;;; #$Thing (#$isa #$Thing #$Collection) (#$comment #$Thing "#$Thing is the universal set: the collection of everything! Every Cyc constant in the Knowledge Base is a member of this collection; in the prefix notation of the language CycL, we express that fact as (#$isa CONST #$Thing). Thus, too, every collection in the Knowledge Base is a subset of the collection #$Thing; in CycL, we express that fact as (#$genls COL #$Thing). See #$isa and #$genls for further explanation of those relationships. Note: There are even a few collections, such as #$CharacterString and #$Integer, which have a #$defnSufficient that recognizes non-constants (such as strings and numbers) as instances of #$Thing.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Thing #$SENSUS-Information1997 "OB-THING") ;;; #$Thinking (#$isa #$Thinking #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$Thinking #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Thinking #$MentalEvent) (#$comment #$Thinking "A collection of events; a subset of #$MentalEvent. Each element of #$Thinking is a mental process in the most general sense, involving the acquisition, modification, and/or synthesis of ideas. Theorizing, remembering, inventing something, free associating, and dreaming are all examples of #$Thinking.") (#$overlappingExternalConcept #$Thinking #$SENSUS-Information1997 "COGNITION") ;;; #$ThreeDimensionalShape (#$isa #$ThreeDimensionalShape #$ShapeType) (#$genls #$ThreeDimensionalShape #$GeometricThing) (#$comment #$ThreeDimensionalShape "A collection of shapes that exist in 3 (but not less than 3) dimensions. Some elements of this are basic geometrical shapes, e.g., instances of #$SphereShape and #$ConeShape, but can also include irregular shapes, such as the region from the surface of Russia extending 2 miles up.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$ThreeDimensionalShape #$SENSUS-Information1997 "THREE-D-LOCATION") ;;; #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType (#$isa #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType #$Collection) (#$genls #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType #$ShapeType) (#$comment #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType "A collection of collections. Each element of #$ThreeDimensionalShapeType is a collection of things which are subsets of #$ThreeDimensionalShape. Examples: #$CylinderShape, #$Rectangular3DShape, #$HumanlikeBodyShape.") ;;; #$ThreeStoryBuilding (#$isa #$ThreeStoryBuilding #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$ThreeStoryBuilding #$Building) (#$comment #$ThreeStoryBuilding "Collection of all three story buildings.") ;;; #$Time-Quantity (#$isa #$Time-Quantity #$Collection) (#$isa #$Time-Quantity #$FundamentalNumericAttributeType) (#$genls #$Time-Quantity #$ScalarInterval) (#$genls #$Time-Quantity #$PhysicalAttribute) (#$comment #$Time-Quantity "#$Time-Quantity is a physical quantity possessed by #$TemporalThings. An #$Event transpires over a certain amount of #$Time-Quantity, a #$SomethingExisting exists for a lifetime which is a certain amount of #$Time-Quantity, and of course an abstract #$TimeInterval has a duration which is a certain amount of #$Time-Quantity. The standard unit of #$Time-Quantity in Cyc is #$SecondsDuration (qv) but there can be and are many other ways to specify an amount of time; e.g., with other #$UnitOfMeasure instances such as #$WeeksDuration and #$YearsDuration, and with reified quantities of (instances of) #$Time-Quantity such as #$LongTime, #$Immediately, #$AFewDecadesDuration, etc.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$Time-Quantity #$SENSUS-Information1997 "AGE") ;;; #$TimeInterval (#$isa #$TimeInterval #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$TimeInterval #$IntangibleIndividual) (#$genls #$TimeInterval #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$TimeInterval "#$TimeInterval is a subset of #$TemporalThing. Each #$TimeInterval can be characterized fully just by specifying its temporal attributes. Anything which has a temporal extent is an instance of #$TemporalThing, but if that is essentially ALL that it has, then it is also a #$TimeInterval. For example, `the year 1967' is a just a #$TimeInterval: although many interesting things happened during that year, the year itself is completely defined by its temporal extent. `Neil Armstrong Walking on the Moon' is an #$Event, not a #$TimeInterval, since it would be defined by many non-temporal assertions. And of course, `Neil Armstrong' is a #$SomethingExisting, not a #$TimeInterval, but like all instances of #$SomethingExisting, he does have temporal extent and is therefore a #$TemporalThing. One could, in principle, separately reify (name) the #$TimeInterval which is the period of existence of any #$SomethingExisting, or the period of time during which any #$Event occurred, but in practice that is rarely useful. Since they all have an implicit #$TimeInterval associated with them, any predicates which one might apply to time intervals can also be applied to a football game, a football, etc. E.g., we can talk about the #$startingPoint of a football game, or for that matter the #$startingPoint of the football itself (the moment of its creation).") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$TimeInterval #$SENSUS-Information1997 "TEMPORAL") ;;; #$TimeIntervalFromFn (#$isa #$TimeIntervalFromFn #$IndividualDenotingFunction) (#$isa #$TimeIntervalFromFn #$ReifiableFunction) (#$resultIsa #$TimeIntervalFromFn #$TimeInterval) (#$arg1Isa #$TimeIntervalFromFn #$TemporalThing) (#$arg2Isa #$TimeIntervalFromFn #$TemporalThing) (#$comment #$TimeIntervalFromFn "(#$TimeIntervalFromFn ?X ?Y) returns the time interval between ?X and ?Y. The #$startingPoint of that interval is the #$endingPoint of ?X, and the #$endingPoint of that interval is the #$startingPoint of ?Y. It must be true that ?Y starts after ?X ends; i.e., (#$startsAfterEndingOf ?Y ?X).") ;;; #$TimeOfDay (#$isa #$TimeOfDay #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$TimeOfDay #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$TimeOfDay "The collection of all temporal intervals marking times of the day. This includes the twenty-four clock hours, and also longer and shorter pieces of time.") ;;; #$TimeOfDay-AM (#$isa #$TimeOfDay-AM #$TimeOfDayType) (#$genls #$TimeOfDay-AM #$TimeOfDay) (#$comment #$TimeOfDay-AM "The collection of half-days from Midnight to Noon. See #$CalendarDay.") ;;; #$TimeOfDay-PM (#$isa #$TimeOfDay-PM #$TimeOfDayType) (#$genls #$TimeOfDay-PM #$TimeOfDay) (#$comment #$TimeOfDay-PM "The collection of half-days from Noon to Midnight. See #$CalendarDay.") ;;; #$TimeOfDayType (#$isa #$TimeOfDayType #$Collection) (#$genls #$TimeOfDayType #$ConventionalClassificationType) (#$genls #$TimeOfDayType #$TemporalObjectType) (#$comment #$TimeOfDayType "A collection of collections, whose elements are some class of time of day, such as #$TimeOfDay-PM, #$TimeOfDay-9AM, #$TimeOfDay-MidnightHour, and so on.") ;;; #$TimePoint (#$isa #$TimePoint #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$TimePoint #$TimeInterval) (#$comment #$TimePoint "A #$TimePoint is a piece of time which has an infinitely small duration. In Cyc's basic representation of time, all time is like an infinite straight line, and any #$TimePoint is like a point on that line. Many temporal attributes of a #$TemporalThing may be described in terms of time points; e.g., its #$startingPoint. A #$TimePoint can also be contextual, such as #$Now.") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$TimePoint #$SENSUS-Information1997 "TIME-POINT") (#$synonymousExternalConcept #$TimePoint #$SENSUS-Information1997 "ZERO-D-TIME") ;;; #$TimesFn (#$isa #$TimesFn #$FunctionFromQuantitiesToQuantities) (#$isa #$TimesFn #$CommutativeRelation) (#$isa #$TimesFn #$VariableArityRelation) (#$resultIsa #$TimesFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$TimesFn #$ScalarInterval) (#$comment #$TimesFn "#$TimesFn is the multiplication operator, a mathematical function. #$TimesFn takes a variable number of quantities as arguments, and it yields a new quantity which is the result of multiplying the arguments together. (#$TimesFn 2 3 4) returns 24. See also #$VariableArityRelation.") ;;; #$TimesPerDay (#$isa #$TimesPerDay #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$TimesPerDay #$UnitOfFrequency) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerDay #$Frequency) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerDay #$Rate) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerDay #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$TimesPerDay #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$TimesPerDay "Times per day -- unit of frequency") ;;; #$TimesPerMinute (#$isa #$TimesPerMinute #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$TimesPerMinute #$UnitOfFrequency) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerMinute #$Frequency) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerMinute #$Rate) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerMinute #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$TimesPerMinute #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$TimesPerMinute "Times per minute -- unit of frequency") ;;; #$TimesPerSecond (#$isa #$TimesPerSecond #$UnitOfFrequency) (#$isa #$TimesPerSecond #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerSecond #$Frequency) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerSecond #$ScalarInterval) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerSecond #$Rate) (#$argsIsa #$TimesPerSecond #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$TimesPerSecond "A Cyc function, #$TimesPerSecond represents a #$UnitOfFrequency. (#$TimesPerSecond NUMBER) denotes the frequency NUMBER times per second. Note that this is more general than a representation of cycles per second, for which the appropriate #$UnitOfFrequency is #$Hertz.") ;;; #$TimesPerWeek (#$isa #$TimesPerWeek #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$isa #$TimesPerWeek #$UnitOfFrequency) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerWeek #$Frequency) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerWeek #$Rate) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerWeek #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$TimesPerWeek #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$TimesPerWeek "Times per week -- unit of frequency") ;;; #$TimesPerYear (#$isa #$TimesPerYear #$UnitOfFrequency) (#$isa #$TimesPerYear #$UnitOfMeasureNoPrefix) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerYear #$Frequency) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerYear #$Rate) (#$resultIsa #$TimesPerYear #$ScalarInterval) (#$argsIsa #$TimesPerYear #$CycSystemRealNumber) (#$comment #$TimesPerYear "A Cyc function, #$TimesPerYear is a #$UnitOfFrequency. (#$TimesPerYear NUMBER) denotes a frequency NUMBER times per year.") ;;; #$Title (#$isa #$Title #$LinguisticObjectType) (#$genls #$Title #$LinguisticObject) (#$comment #$Title "The collection of all titles: proper nouns (noun phrases) that relate to a person's status and/or function/role in an organization. E.g., #$SeniorVicePresident-Title, #$MemberOfTechnicalStaff-Title, #$Reverend-Title, #$Father-Title, #$Miss, etc. Note that this concept is not (closely) related to the title of a book or work of art, nor to the nicknames for a place, etc.") ;;; #$Tool (#$isa #$Tool #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Tool #$SolidTangibleThing) (#$genls #$Tool #$PhysicalDevice) (#$comment #$Tool "A collection of devices; a subset of #$PhysicalDevice. An instance of #$Tool is a device which is used by people to manipulate and/or alter other objects or the immediate environment in some way (hence, it does not include #$PomPoms). #$Tools are also typically guided by their user during use (see #$Device-UserGuided) and can be used more than once (and is thus disjoint with the collection #$Device-OneTimeUse). #$Tool includes devices used in many different activities. A sampling of subsets shows some of that variety: #$WoodworkingTool, #$CarpentryTool, #$PlumbingTool, #$MedicalTool, #$CleaningImplement, #$WritingImplement.") ;;; #$TopSide (#$isa #$TopSide #$RegionType) (#$genls #$TopSide #$Side) (#$comment #$TopSide "The collection of all the entire top sides (as conventionally understood) of all objects that have distinct #$Sides, one of which faces up.") ;;; #$TopographicalFeature (#$isa #$TopographicalFeature #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$TopographicalFeature #$OutdoorLocation) (#$genls #$TopographicalFeature #$SurfaceOnTangibleObject) (#$comment #$TopographicalFeature "A collection of geographical regions. Each element of #$TopographicalFeature is a three dimensional feature of a planet's surface, typically with boundaries defined by formations of rock, dirt, water, etc., or by significant changes in elevation. Some important subsets include the collections #$Mountain, #$MountainRange, #$Peninsula, #$Harbor, #$Shoreline, #$Arroyo. Collections of regions defined by the presence of human artifacts (e.g., #$CitySkyline) or ecological characteristics (e.g., #$Forest-Wild) do NOT belong among the subsets of #$TopographicalFeature. Examples of #$TopographicalFeature: #$KyushuIsland-Japan, #$SaintThomas-Island, #$LakeErie, #$VictoriaFalls, #$MalayPeninsula.") ;;; #$Torso (#$isa #$Torso #$UniqueAnatomicalPartType) (#$isa #$Torso #$AnimalBodyPartType) (#$genls #$Torso #$BiologicalLivingObject) (#$genls #$Torso #$AnimalBodyPart) (#$comment #$Torso "The collection of all animal torsos. A torso is the main portion of the animal's body, generally located centrally, and one can conceive of an animal as a torso to which are connected the head and various appendages which together make up the entire animal.") ;;; #$TotallyOrderedSet (#$isa #$TotallyOrderedSet #$ObjectType) (#$genls #$TotallyOrderedSet #$PartiallyOrderedSet) (#$comment #$TotallyOrderedSet "The collection of all totally ordered sets (also called linearly ordered sets, strict linear orders, or directed chains), each being a #$SetWithStructure consisting of a set together with an ordering relation on that set. Mathematical lists, directed chains, finite sequences, infinite series, and number lines are special cases of #$TotallyOrderedSet. The ordering relation is defined on the associated set, and is transitive on that set, irreflexive on that set, and asymmetric on that set. Sometimes the members of the #$TotallyOrderedSet are called its nodes, and, for the discrete case, the pairwise relations between the adjacent nodes are called the links. A #$TotallyOrderedSet may be finite or infinite, and if infinite, it may or may not have a starting end. (Note: A #$TotallyOrderedSet is not a #$SetOrCollection, rather it is a #$SetWithStructure that has an associated #$SetOrCollection.)") ;;; #$TouchPerception (#$isa #$TouchPerception #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$TouchPerception #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$TouchPerception #$Perceiving) (#$genls #$TouchPerception #$PhysicalContactSituation) (#$comment #$TouchPerception "The collection of sensory-perceptual events (#$Perceivings) in which a #$PerceptualAgent perceives (acquires information) by touch.") ;;; #$Train-TransportationDevice (#$isa #$Train-TransportationDevice #$ProductType) (#$isa #$Train-TransportationDevice #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$Train-TransportationDevice #$TransportationDevice-Vehicle) (#$genls #$Train-TransportationDevice #$ContainerProduct) (#$genls #$Train-TransportationDevice #$LandTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$Train-TransportationDevice "The collection of all trains, the transportation devices that run on #$Railways and consist of multiple #$TrainCars coupled together.") ;;; #$TrainCar (#$isa #$TrainCar #$ProductType) (#$isa #$TrainCar #$ExistingObjectType) (#$genls #$TrainCar #$LandTransportationDevice) (#$genls #$TrainCar #$ContainerProduct) (#$comment #$TrainCar "The collection of train cars (or train carriages), non-motored wheeled vehicles that run on #$Railways. When they are to be moved they are coupled together to form trains pulled by train engines. There are freight TrainCars, and passenger TrainCars for transporting people.") ;;; #$TrainEngine (#$isa #$TrainEngine #$ExistingObjectType) (#$isa #$TrainEngine #$ProductType) (#$genls #$TrainEngine #$PoweredDevice) (#$genls #$TrainEngine #$MechanicalDevice) (#$genls #$TrainEngine #$LandTransportationDevice) (#$comment #$TrainEngine "The collection of all train engines, each being a fuel-powered, non-steerable, wheeled vehicle that runs on #$Railway tracks, and has enough power to pull or push a group of #$TrainCars with it.") ;;; #$Transaction (#$isa #$Transaction #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$Transaction #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$Transaction #$PurposefulAction) (#$genls #$Transaction #$SocialOccurrence) (#$comment #$Transaction "Transaction is the collection of events performed by #$Agents cooperating (willingly) under some #$Agreement, each performing actions in exchange for the actions of the other. Note: Attack/counterattack in warfare is not a #$Transaction. Neither is fortuitous cooperation without agreement, such as a set of investors who, unknown to each other, all buy the same stock almost at once, and end up driving its price up. On the other hand, if you see agents acting to mutual benefit, it's not a bad strategy to guess that there is some agreement between them. Note: The word 'transaction' often means an exchange of user rights (to goods and/or money) between agents; see #$ExchangeOfUserRights for that concept. #$Transaction is a more general concept, and is a superset of #$ExchangeOfUserRights.") ;;; #$TransferIn (#$isa #$TransferIn #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$TransferIn #$GeneralizedTransfer) (#$comment #$TransferIn "A collection of events. #$TransferIn includes all #$GeneralizedTransfers for which there is a well-defined #$to-Generic, but not necessarily a #$from-Generic. This includes, among other things, #$CollectionEvent, #$GainingUserRights, and #$AccessingAnIBT. At the end of a #$TransferIn, #$transferredThing is 'loccated' at the #$to-Generic. Some negative examples of #$TransferOut are #$AbandoningSomething (when there is no prospective owner) and #$IBTGeneration (when the information may go to various unspecified locations.") ;;; #$TransferOut (#$isa #$TransferOut #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$TransferOut #$GeneralizedTransfer) (#$comment #$TransferOut "A collection of events. #$TransferOut includes all #$GeneralizedTransfers for which there is a well-defined #$from-Generic, but not necessarily a #$to-Generic. This includes, among other things, #$Emission, #$LosingUserRights, and #$DistributionEvent. At the start of a #$TransferOut, #$transferredThing is 'loccated' at the #$from-Generic. Some negative examples of #$TransferOut are #$AppropriatingSomething (when there is no previous owner) and #$Hearing (when the sounds may come from various unspecified locations.") ;;; #$TransferringOwnership (#$isa #$TransferringOwnership #$TemporalObjectType) (#$isa #$TransferringOwnership #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$TransferringOwnership #$TransferringPossession) (#$comment #$TransferringOwnership "A collection of events; a subset of #$TransferringPossession. In an instance of #$TransferringOwnership, a transfer of ownership occurs. This means that in such an event there is a transfer from one #$Agent to another of #$FullUseRights and #$ExclusiveUserRights (over the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer). Often there is some `consideration' for this transfer, of course --- see #$ExchangeOfUserRights.") ;;; #$TransferringPossession (#$isa #$TransferringPossession #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$isa #$TransferringPossession #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$TransferringPossession #$SocialOccurrence) (#$genls #$TransferringPossession #$GainingUserRights) (#$genls #$TransferringPossession #$LosingUserRights) (#$comment #$TransferringPossession "A collection of events. In an instance of #$TransferringPossession, the possession of a single object (i.e., the #$objectOfPossessionTransfer) is transferred from one #$Agent to another. Thus, a #$TransferringPossession event alters the rights of TWO different agents to use the object in question; one agent loses some #$UserRightsAttribute over it, while the other agent gains some #$UserRightsAttribute over it. Each #$TransferringPossession event is both a #$LosingUserRights event and a #$GainingUserRights event. Note: In #$Buying events, #$Bartering events, #$Renting events, TWO such #$TransferringPossessions occur, because there are TWO objects which transfer possession. For example, in buying a car, the right to use the buyer's money is transferred to the auto seller, while the ownership of the car is transferred to the buyer. Both of the #$TransferringPossession events (one for each object) are #$subEvents of the instance of #$Buying, #$Renting, etc. See #$ExchangeOfUserRights.") ;;; #$TransformationEvent (#$isa #$TransformationEvent #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$TransformationEvent #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$TransformationEvent #$DestructionEvent) (#$genls #$TransformationEvent #$CreationEvent) (#$genls #$TransformationEvent #$PhysicalEvent) (#$comment #$TransformationEvent "A collection of events. In each element of #$TransformationEvent, at least one thing ceases to exist and at least one thing comes into existence. Usually at least some portion of the thing(s) destroyed becomes incorporated into the thing(s) that are created. Note: this collection is a superset of, but NOT coextensional with, #$TransformationProcess (q.v.).") ;;; #$TransformationProcess (#$isa #$TransformationProcess #$TemporalStuffType) (#$isa #$TransformationProcess #$DefaultDisjointScriptType) (#$genls #$TransformationProcess #$TransformationEvent) (#$comment #$TransformationProcess "The collection of #$TransformationEvents that also are elements of #$TemporalStuffType. That is, each of their temporal parts is also a #$TransformationEvent, in which something is destroyed and something created. Note: It is often the case that a #$TransformationEvent is NOT a #$TransformationProcess --- e.g., there may be several preparation stages, and then at the end everything is brought together and the foaming starts, or the butterfly emerges, or whatever transformation occurs. So #$TransformationProcess is a small subset of #$TransformationEvent (qv).") ;;; #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate (#$isa #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$PredicateCategory) (#$isa #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$Collection) (#$genls #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate #$BinaryPredicate) (#$comment #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate "A collection of predicates; the subset of #$BinaryPredicate whose elements are all transitive. A predicate F is an element of #$TransitiveBinaryPredicate if and only if F is a binary predicate and (F X Y) and (F Y Z) together imply (F X Z). Examples: #$greaterThan, #$eastOf, #$geographicalSubRegions, #$cotemporal.") ;;; #$Translation-Complete (#$isa #$Translation-Complete #$TemporalObjectType) (#$genls #$Translation-Complete #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$comment #$Translation-Complete "A collection of translational motion events; hence a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any element of #$Translation-Complete, the whole #$objectMoving moves in its entirety from the origin (#$fromLocation) to the destination (#$toLocation). That is, the object completely leaves the origin and relocates at the destination. The #$objectMoving may be either a #$NonFluidlike object or a #$FluidTangibleThing all of which moves from one place to another; e.g., a baseball or the gasoline used to fill a gas tank. Another example: a single molecule of water flowing from point A to B in a river. Negative example: a river flowing from A to B (the river itself is not relocated); a rubber band stretching. A borderline case: a spider spins a web, leaving part of itself, in effect, extended out behind it. In most contexts that would still be considered a #$Translation-Complete event. Note: #$Translation-Complete is noncommittal as to whether net movement has occurred, so round-trip events qualify as complete translations. (For contrast, see #$Translation-LocationChange).") ;;; #$Translation-Flow (#$isa #$Translation-Flow #$ScriptType) (#$isa #$Translation-Flow #$TemporalStuffType) (#$genls #$Translation-Flow #$Movement-TranslationEvent) (#$comment #$Translation-Flow "A collection of translational motion events; hence a subset of #$Movement-TranslationEvent. In any element of #$Translation-Flow, the #$objectMoving is a #$FluidTangibleThing (i.e., a portion of some fluid, such as a quart of milk) rather than a discrete solid object. At least some of the #$objectMoving leaves the #$fromLocation and some arrives at the #$toLocation; but it is not necessary that all of the #$objectMoving go from the origin (#$fromLocation) to the destination (#$toLocation). Such fluid flows include rivers flowing or winds blowing or air filling your lungs when you take a breath. Note: also intended to be included here are flows of ``fluids'' such as sand, drifting snow, etc., which are composed of multiple solid particles. So a borderline case would be using a bulldozer to spread out a pile of rocks and gravel over a parking lock; depending on one's context (sensors, purposes, etc.) that might or might not be considered a #$Translation-Flow event.")